We searched electronic databases to identify primary studies of CEC involving patients, substitute decision-makers and/or family members, clinicians, healthcare staff and leaders. The secondary objective was to provide a comprehensive overview of CEC structures, processes, and roles to enhance understanding and to inform standardization. The primary objective of this review was to identify and map the outcomes reported in primary studies of CEC. A first step is to understand the outcomes measured in evaluations of CEC in healthcare settings. The evaluation of CEC may benefit from application of the MRC framework to advance the transparency and methodological rigor of this field. The Medical Research Council (MRC) proposed guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of complex interventions. Despite longstanding calls for rigorous evaluation in the field, progress has been limited. Clinical ethics consultations (CEC) can be complex interventions, involving multiple methods, stakeholders, and competing ethical values.
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